Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a long known and the first animal viral disease to be scientifically identified is a highly contagious disease afflicting even-toed animals. FMD virus is the most important pathogen due to its high transmission rate entangled with huge productive and economic losses upon incursion into the nations declared to be disease-free. The exponential growth in global trade has not only been the reason for immense benefits to mankind, but also negatively impacted in catalyzing the spread of different pests and pathogens. Such trade irrespective of the country-barrier has triggered outbreaks of several other emergency animal diseases than FMD, like ASF, CSF, SVD and PRRS in disease-free countries. This nut-shell-compilation focuses on how illegal trades have introduced FMD into disease-free countries. The title has been interwoven with the core narrative of the Indian philosophy that stresses upon a close relationship between action and consequence within the ambit of FMD.
Rout, M., Mohapatra, J.K., 2026. The Doctrine of Karma: Understanding the Close Linkage of Action and Consequence in the Context of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Biotica Research Today 8(2), 30-32.
FMD, Illegal, Trade, Transmission
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